Her reign lasted for 63 years and seven months, a longer period than any of her predecessors. In the strictest sense, the Victorian era covers the duration of Victoria's reign as Queen of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, from her accession on 20 June 1837-after the death of her uncle, William IV-until her death on 22 January 1901, after which she was succeeded by her eldest son, Edward VII. 6.10 Public safety, health and medicine.6.9.2 Telegraphy, telephony, the wireless, and photography.6.7 Electricity, magnetism, and electrification.6.5 Thermodynamics, heat engines, and refrigerators.6.2 Ease of discovery and rate of progress.6 Mathematics, science, technology, and engineering.4.2 Fertility rates and mortality rates.3.8.1 Gallery of selected Victorian paintings.3.2 Evangelicals, utilitarians, and reform.The unsolved problems relating to Irish Home Rule played a great part in politics in the later Victorian era, particularly in view of Gladstone's determination to achieve a political settlement in Ireland.

These parties were led by such prominent statesmen as Lord Melbourne, Sir Robert Peel, Lord Derby, Lord Palmerston, Benjamin Disraeli, William Gladstone, and Lord Salisbury. The two main political parties during the era remained the Whigs/Liberals and the Conservatives by its end, the Labour Party had formed as a distinct political entity. Apart from the Crimean War, Britain was not involved in any armed conflict with another major power. Britain granted political autonomy to the more advanced colonies of Australia, Canada, and New Zealand. Britain embarked on global imperial expansion, particularly in Asia and Africa, which made the British Empire the largest empire in history. A Pax Britannica of peaceful trade was maintained by the country's naval and industrial supremacy. īritain's relations with the other Great Powers were driven by antagonism with Russia, including the Crimean War and the Great Game. Thanks to educational reforms, the British population not only approached universal literacy towards the end of the era but also became increasingly well-educated the market for reading materials of all kinds boomed. Between 18 about 15 million emigrated from Great Britain, mostly to the United States, as well as to imperial outposts in Canada, South Africa, New Zealand, and Australia. However, Ireland's population decreased sharply, from 8.2 million in 1841 to less than 4.5 million in 1901, mostly due to emigration and the Great Famine. There were unprecedented demographic changes: the population of England and Wales almost doubled from 16.8 million in 1851 to 30.5 million in 1901, and Scotland's population also rose rapidly, from 2.8 million in 1851 to 4.4 million in 1901. ĭomestically, the political agenda was increasingly liberal, with a number of shifts in the direction of gradual political reform, improved social reform, and the widening of the franchise. Doctors started moving away from tradition and mysticism towards a science-based approach medicine advanced thanks to the adoption of the germ theory of disease and pioneering research in epidemiology.

This era saw a staggering amount of technological innovations that proved key to Britain's power and prosperity. Ideologically, the Victorian era witnessed resistance to the rationalism that defined the Georgian period, and an increasing turn towards romanticism and even mysticism in religion, social values, and arts. There was a strong religious drive for higher moral standards led by the nonconformist churches, such as the Methodists and the Evangelical wing of the established Church of England. The era followed the Georgian period and preceded the Edwardian period, and its later half overlaps with the first part of the Belle Époque era of Continental Europe. In the history of the United Kingdom and the British Empire, the Victorian era was the period of Queen Victoria's reign, from 20 June 1837 until her death on 22 January 1901.

Victoria 3 dev diary 8